Vale of work hoard

Viking objects found near Harrogate, Yorkshire On the surface, e really subject is idyllic imagine a broad green field in Yorkshire. In the distance roller hills, woods and a light morning mist its the epitome of a peaceful, unchanging England. But ice lolly this surface or more appropriately, wave a metal detector over it and a really varied England emerges, a land of violence and panic, not at all secure behind its argue sea, but terrifyingly vulnerable to invasion.And it was in a field like this, 1,100 years ago, that a frightened military man buried capital collection of bills, Jewellery and coins, that linked this part of England to what would then have look intomed unimaginably unlike parts of the world to Russia, the Middle East and Asia. The man was a Viking, and this was his treasure. Suddenly, a metal detector in a field in Harrogate uncovers this extraordinary treasure (Michael Wood) l crouched down in the soil and you could see the edge of a few coins stic king out of the top of it (Andrew Whelan) There, packed in, are these hundreds of coins and these arm-rings, these pieces of silver. (MW) institutionalise it in a sandwich box, wrapped it all up, and took it home. (AW) Youre right at that place with this material, that can take you covering fire to that severe moment in English history, when the kingdom of England was first created. (MW) things you dream of, but you dont actually expect to happen. (AW) This calendar week were sweeping across the vast expanse of atomic number 63 and Asia between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries.And once once again were not going to be focussed on the Mediterranean were dealing with two great arcs of mint one that begins in Iraq and Afghanistan, ises north into Russia and ends here in Britain, and another in the south, spanning the Indian Ocean from Indonesia to Africa. The weeks objects revolve from todays precious Viking treasure from Yorkshire to a few pottery fragments from a be ach in Africa. Between them, they set ashore to life the travellers, the clientelers and the raiders who helped to shape this world.When you use the words traders and raiders, one group of mess above all springs to sagaciousness the Vikings. Vikings have always excited the European imagination and their reputation has fluctuated violently. In the ineteenth century, the British saw them as savage bad guys horn-helmeted rapers and looters. For the Scandinavians, of course, it was different the Vikings there were the all-conquering heroes of Nordic legend. The Vikings then went through a stage of be seen by historians as rather civilised more tradesmen and travellers than pillagers in fact they became almost cuddly.This recent uncovering of the Vale of York Hoard makes them seem a bit less cuddly and looks set to revive the truculent Vikings of popular tradition, but now with a dash of cosmopolitan glamour. And the truth, I think, is that thats what the Vikings have always bee n to the highest degree glitz with violence. The England ot the early was divided between territories occupied by the Vikings most of the north and the east piece the south and the west were controlled by the great AngloSaxon kingdom of Wessex.The re-conquest of the Viking territories by the Anglo-Saxons was the great event of tenth-century Britain, and our treasure some(prenominal) pinpoints one tiny part of this national epic, and connects it to the immense world of Viking trade. The pull in was found in the spend of 2007. Heres ather and son, David and Andrew Whelan, who were metal-detecting in a field to the south of Harrogate, in north Yorkshire. It was a typical dreary January day, in a muddy rough ploughed field.It was a field that we wouldnt normally go in because were neer really found anything good in there, we tend to find dozens of Victorian buttons, but it was any that or go home, so (Andrew Whelan) This clip we were there about ten minutes and thats when I g ot my manoeuvre the big one I started finding lead at first. I dug down a bit more, and I kept going, and I get more lead, ore lead, and all of a sudden, this round thing fell into the back tooth of the hole came out from the side, so Id actually Just missed it.It fell into the bottom of the hole and I thought, Oh dear, Ive found an old dinner gown cock, Ive got a lead cistern with an old ball cock. So I picked this round thing up, and put it on top of the ploughed land, I put my glasses on, and I looked at it, and I could see all these animals on the cup, and all these bits of silver in the top. (Dave Whelan) l crouched down in the soil, and you could see the edge of a few coins sticking out of he top of it and there was a coin of Edward the Elder, I think on top. (Andrew Whelan) The lay aside that David and Andrew Whelan had found was contained in this beautifully worked silver bowl, about the size of a small melon. Astonishingly, it contained over 600 coins, all silver, an d roughly the equivalent size as a modern pound coin, but wafer thin. Theyre mostly from Anglo-Saxon territory, but there are also some Viking coins produced in York, as well as exotic imports from western Europe and Central Asia. Along with the coins was Jewellery arm-rings one notes and five silver ones.And then, theres the ingredient that makes it absolutely certain that this is not an Anglo-Saxon but a Viking hoard theres what we call hack silver chopped- up fragments of silver brooches and rings and thin silver bars, mostly about an inch (2. 5 cm) long, that the Vikings used as currency. The hoard pitches us into a key moment in the history of England, when an Anglo-Saxon King Athelstan at be defeated the Viking invaders and built the beginnings of the kingdom of England. Above all, it shows us the range of contacts enjoyed by the Vikings while they were running northerly England.These Scandinavians were tremendously well connected, as the historian Michael Wood makes c lear Theres a Viking arm-ring from Ireland, theres coins minted as far external as Samarkand and Afghanistan and Baghdad. And this gives you a sense of the reach of the age these Viking kings and their agents and their trade routes sp pick up across western Europe, Ireland, Scandinavia. You read Arab accounts of Viking slave dealers on the banks of the Caspian Sea Gull the Russian so-called because of his Russian hat, and he was Irish this guy, you bop dealing in slaves out there on the Caspian, nd those kind of trade routes the river routes down to the char Sea through Novgorod and Kiev and these kind of places you can see how in a very shortsighted time, coins mint ed in Samarkand, say, in 915, could end up in Yorks 2 hire in The Vale of York hoard makes it clear that Viking England did indeed operate on a transcontinental scale. Here is a dirham from Samarkand, and there are other Islamic coins from central Asia. Like York, Kiev was a great Viking city, and there merchants from Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan traded their goods via Russia and the Baltic to the hole of northern Europe.In the process, the people around Kiev became very rich. An Arab merchant of the time describes them making neck-rings for their wives by melting down the gold and silver coins theyd amassed from trade Round her neck she wears gold or silver rings when a man amasses 10,000 dirhams, he makes his wife one ring when he has 20,000 he makes two and often a woman has many an(prenominal) of these rings. And, indeed, theres a fragment of one of these Russian rings in the hoard. Although Kiev and York were both Viking cities, contact between them would only very rarely ave been direct.Normally the trade route would be constructed through a series of relays, with spices and silver coins and Jewellery moving north, as yellow-brown and fur moved in the other direction, and at every stage there would be a profit. But this trade route also carried the dark side of the Vikings reputation. All through eastern Europe, the Vikings captured people to sell as slaves in the great market of Kiev which explains why in so many European languages the words for slave and Slav are to this day stock-still so closely connected.But this hoard also tells us a great deal of what as happening back in York. There, the Vikings were meet Christian but, as so often, the new converts were reluctant to abandon the symbols of their old religion the Norse gods were not entirely dead. And so, on one coin minted at York around 920, we find the sword and name of the Christian St Peter, but intriguingly the i of Petri Peter is in the shape ofa hammer, the emblem of the old Norse god, Thor. Its a coin that shows us that the new faith uses the weapons of the old.We can be pretty certain that this treasure was buried soon later on 927. In that year, the AngloSaxon Athelstan, King of Wessex, finally defeated the Vikings, conquered York, and received the homage of rulers from Scotland and Wale s. It was the biggest political event in Britain since the liberation of the Romans. And the hoard contains one of the silver coins that Athelstan issued to celebrate it. On it, he gives himself a totally new title, never used before by any ruler Athelstan Rex totius Britanniae Athelstan, King of all Britain. The modern idea of a united Britain starts here.Heres Michael Wood again The wonderful thing about the treasure is that it hones in on the very oment that England was created as a kingdom and as a state. The early tenth century is the moment when these, what we aptitude call national identities, start to be used for the first time. And thats why all the later kings of the English, whether it was Normans or Plantagenets or Tudors, looked back to Athelstan as the founder of their kingdom. And in one sense you could say they go back to that moment in 927. But it was a pretty messy moment, and the hoard demonstrates that the struggle between Viking and Anglo-Saxon wasnt yet ove r.The treasure certainly belonged to a ich and powerful Viking, but he mustiness have stayed on in Yorkshire under the new regime, because some of the coins in his hoard were minted by Athelstan in York in 927 Something must then nave gone wrong tor our Viking, which led him to bury the hoard but he did it so guardedly that he must have intended to return. Was he killed in the ongoing skirmish between Vikings and Anglo-Saxons? Did he go back to Scandinavia, or on to Ireland? Whatever happened to 3 the treasure-owner, most of the Vikings in England stayed on and, in due course, were assimilated.In north-east England today, places with names ending in by and thorpe like Grimsby and Cleethorpes are living survivals that still speak of the long Viking presence. And the Vale of York Hoard reminds us that these places were also the end or the beginning of a huge trade route that around 900 stretched from Scunthorpe to Samarkand. In the next programme, well be on a different trade r oute, but one that also links the Middle East and northern Europe. Well be in Poland, with a Christian saint and a miraculous glass that turned water into wine.