Concepts of epidemiology (HIV) Essay

Communicable diseases argon global health issues nowadays as the world become globalized by change magnitude international travel and business. Among many of communicable diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (human immunodeficiency virus) transmittance is considered to be one of the most severe communicable diseases worldwide. It has go around rapidly passim the whole world from the continent of Africa since it was first reported in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). By 1987, it had spread to 100 countries, by 2001, human immunodeficiency virus became the leading infectious cause of remainder in the world. Scientists believe a similar virus to HIV first found in animals such as chimps and monkeys in Africa, where Africans are hunted for food. dapple they touch sensation with an infect animals course during butchering or cooking, the virus might cross into humans and become HIV (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). HIV causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome( support). Having HIV does not alwa ys mean having AIDS.To vex AIDS, it take many years for people with HIV. The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Africa is withering because it disrupts family animation, leaving many children without parents support. Reduced workforces in African society impact socioeconomic issues as well. These days, HIV/AIDS are not only problems in the African continent, but they are now also seen in e very(prenominal) continent in the entire world. As of 2008, United Nations (UN) general assembly supernumerary session on HIV/AIDS estimated that there were roughly 33-4 million people living with HIV, 2.7 million new infections of HIV, and 2 million deaths from AIDS. According to the perfume of Disease Control(CDC), most 1.1 million people in the U.S. had been diagnosed with AIDS since the disease diagnosed in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). A person gets HIV when an infected persons consistency fluids such asblood, semen, fluids from vagina or breast milk get into his or her bloodstream.This virus can e nter the bloodstream through linings in the mouth, anus, or hinge upon organs through broken tegument. HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells which is same as T-cells in white blood cells (Moss, 2013). When a person has lower number of CD4 cells in the blood than normal, he or she is susceptible to illnesses because the person lost ability to fight infection. Un beneficial cozy activity, transfusion of HIV infected blood, sharing needles and syringes with people with HIV, HIV infected m opposites pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding are all risk factors for HIV infection. realness health Organization(WHO) found that 80% of cases of HIV/AIDS infections happened by unsafe sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. Stigma, discrimination, misconception, local social and cultural taboos also contribute to increasing number of HIV infections in developing countries where people do not talk about them or people are not educated about them.Early symptoms of HIV infection are fever, fa tigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, cough, headache, blurred and distorted vision, skin rashes or bumps, and shortness of breath(Moss, 2013). plurality infected with HIV progress to AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls down below 200 or when they develop complications such astuberculosis, salmonellosis, cytomegalovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosiporidiosis, and cancers including Kaposis sarcoma and lymphomas. Other complications can include wasting syndrome, neurological complications, and kidney disease(Moss, 2013).AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection and life threatening. If a person with HIV does not receive treatment, the disease progresses to AIDS in about 10 years (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Good news is that there is a treatment with antiviral practice of medicine for HIV infection even though there is no complete cure for HIV/AIDS. As soon as a person is diagnosed as HIV- lordly, a variety of medicates can be used in cabal to control this virus.The Department of Health and Human Services recommend that everyone with HIV infection must be offered antiviral medications regardless of T-cells count in order to restrict replication and duplication of the virus. HIV medications are more widely operational than ever. They expand the lifespan of people with HIV. Not only drug regimen, but healthy life style such as eating healthy foods including slant oil and whey protein, avoiding certain foods including unpasteurizeddairy products, raw eggs, and raw seafood, getting vaccine, obtaining coping skills contribute to reducing further complication of HIV/AIDS (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Prevention is the most important through education on safe sexual activity, safe care of blood transfusion, protective care of pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding among mothers with HIV/AIDS, and so on The epidemiologic triangle is composed of agent, host, and environment.These three are interrelated to spread the communicable disea ses such as HIV/AIDS. For example, the agent factor is the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus that is transmitted directly through infected blood transfusion, sharing infected needles and syringes, and breast feeding from infected mother or indirectly through broken skin by unsafe and unprotected sexual contact. The host factors are people. They can be either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. People who are diagnosed as HIV-negative are susceptible hosts who can be infected by people who are diagnosed HIV-positive if they have unsafe sexual activity or receive unsafe health care. The environmental factors can be social and economic conditions such as poverty, crowding, and frequent mobility of people that carry agents easily to other environments. If the environment is less habitable, the host susceptibility is reduced, and the agent source is also reduced or eliminated as well. All three factors may be adapted to improve community resistance to HIV infection (Maurer & Smith, 2009)HostAgentEnvironmentFigure 1 HIV Epidemiologic TriangleThe community and public health nurses drama an important fiber through their tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. 1. responsibility of primary prevention Community and public health nurses are in the front line to assess a person, family, and communities for epidemiologic agents, susceptible hosts, and favorable environments. Nurses are answerable for educating people in the community about the causes and spread of the virus. Since 80% of HIV infection occurs by sexual contact with an HIV infected person, abstinence or advocacy of the use of condoms and other protective measures during sexual activity must be taught to people of all ages at risk, upstart or old, male or female. Safeadministration of blood, safe use of needles and syringes, safe breast-feeding, and protective health care of mothers with HIV during pregnancy or delivery must also be taught and perfor med as well for primary prevention. 2. Responsibility of auxiliary prevention Despite education and prevention efforts, reducing HIV infection is challenging. In 2009, CDC reported, youth, ages 13-29, accounted for 39% of all newHIV infections in the U.S.(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). Nurses are responsible for secondary prevention through effective intervention. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS , yet medication regimen help improve life expectancy by preventing HIV-related complications. Combination of medications at least three of antiretroviral can be used to control the virus(Moss, 2013). Nurses should encourage people who receive antiretroviral therapy of 3 to5 combination pills to be compliant with prescribed medications as scheduled. However, combination of antiretroviral cost a lot and are not available in poor countries. WHO support these countries that drug companies provide medications at low cost.Community health care providers suggest voluntary counseling and testing for HIV treatment programs as good strategies. By the help of trained counselors, patients in the community can learn their HIV status and register for treatment as needed. In South Carolina, since the number of young adults with new HIV infection is increased, a new intervention program is designed for young adults that is called HIV/AIDS information vaccine, using graphic novels(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). 3. Responsibility of tertiary prevention Since HIV/AIDS is incurable and at risk in progression gradually, community and public health nurses can focus on enhancing or optimizing their quality of life.HIV is not only a physiological stressor, but also a significant psychological stressor. Many of HIV positive patient suffer with depression and suicidal ideation. According to the study, these psychological symptoms among HIV-positive people are associated with a decline in CD4 cell count (Dalmida, 2006). By designate of research, depressive mood affects neuropeptide receptor on lymphocy tes and lead to decreased CD4 cell count(Dalmida, 2006). Spiritual practice and mental care for HIV-positive people are beneficial to relax kind nervous system and enhance immune function (Rabin 1999). According to the holistic view of human being, an awareness of ones spiritual self is very important to extend life span with optimal wellnessincreasing greater satisfaction with life. (Rabin, 1999).Community and public health nurses have a role in such responsibilities in order to make a person, family and community different and healthier by providing coping skills with spiritual activities for people who are infected by HIV and who are suffering with AIDS. AIDS United is an organization that carries its mission in the U.S. to end the epidemic of AIDS since 1987. This organization has funded to local communities for syringe access, access to care, capacity building, HIV prevention and advocacy. AIDS United supports community-driven to HIV epidemic around the nation that reach popul ations with HIV/AIDS including gay and bisexual person men and women, adolescents in school.ReferencesAlbright, K.S., Gavigan, K. (2014) Information Vaccine using Graphic Novels as an HIV/AIDS prevention resource for young adults. Journal of Education for program library & Information Science Spring 2014, Vol.55 Issue 2, p178-185. Retrieved from GCU library. Coleman, C.L., Holzemer, W.L. (1999). Spirituality, psychological well-being and the quality of life. In L.A. peplau & D.Perlman (Eds), Loneliness A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp.224-237). New York Wiley-Inter-science. Retrieved from Grand Canyon University(GCU) Library. Dalmida, S.G. (2006). Spirituality, noetic Health, Physical Health, and Health-related quality of life among women with HIV/AIDS Integrating spirituality into mental health care. Issues in Mental health nursing. Vol. 27. Retrieved from GCU library. Maurer, F.A., Smith, C.M. (2009) Community/Public Health Nursing Practice Health for fa milies and populations (4th ed.)Saunders Version Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http//evolve.elsevier.com Moss, J.A. (2013) HIV/AIDS Review. Journal of Radiologic Technology, 2013 Jan 1 84(3) pp. 247-270. Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from GCU library. MayoClinic (n.d.). Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http//www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/hiv-aids/basics/causes/con-20013732 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) http//www.cdc.org/cough/index.htm World Health Organization(WHO) http//www.who.int