Sales management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales management - Essay Example Before the sales representatives go to the field, they have to acknowledge the approaches they can use to deal with different consumers. The electronic business should invest in regular training to make the workers familiar with the products offered by the company. Training is also vital because it enables the sales representatives to acknowledge the sales policies and processes. Some consumers are very rude. Consequently, failure to handle them makes sales representative appear rude. This may result into poor relationship between customers and worker. Moreover, it can make the firm to lose many consumers leading to low sales. The sales representatives should be trained on how to ignore rude customers. For example, customers may complain about things that do not involve the sales persons such as business policy or the prices of items. Workers should let the customers complain without responding to their complaints and express their regrets for any inconvenience later. Workers should receive sufficient training on approaches to address the polite customers to maintain good relationships with such customers (Overell 2003). Managers should equally stimulate consumers to be cooperative and committed to their work. They should set strategies for motivating the workers after seeking their opinions. Some of the common ways of inspiring the workers entail compensating and rewarding them. Managers should reward the workers by recognizing their efforts. This may entail praising them before other sales representatives or increasing their pay. Moreover, the managers should compensate the sales representatives who work extra time. For instance, some customers may set appointment times that are outside the usual working hours. Such workers who work beyond the working hours should be compensated by increasing their pay or other forms of compensation. Praising the workers and compensating them will increase the level of commitment and cooperation in the work places. Additional ly, the motivated workers will stop missing the scheduled appointments (Susan 2004 13). The managers need to create and maintain good relationships with the sales representatives. The relationship between workers and their leaders in the work places determines the communication between customers and workers. Good relationship may be created by involving the sales representatives in the decision-making process. This will make the personnel feel appreciated and contented consequently enhancing their productivity. The managers should also treat the sales representatives with courtesy and always acknowledge their presence and contribution. The managers should also comment on the work in private whenever it needs improvement (Garg & Rastogi 2006 577). Question 2 Globalised trade, high foreign investment and increase in cross-border transactions are putting a lot of pressure on businesses. This has forced businesses to devise innovative measures to allow them continue marketing their prod ucts and services. These measures include maintaining good and close relationship between the business and customers. This is difficult in the competitive environment because customers demand more choices than before. Consequently, for a business to meet customer demands and improve loyalty, it needs to access accurate and current customer information. This is possible with the application of the internet that is an ultimate communication tool. Using the internet can support businesses in maintaining customer loyalty because

Enzyme Catalysis Essay Example for Free

Enzyme Catalysis Essay Enzymes catalyze nearly all biochemical reactions in living cells (Hein, Best, Pattison, and Arena, 2005). As a catalyst, they regulate the chemical reactions by lowering the needed activation energy (Sackheim and Lehman, 1998). Catalysts facilitate chemical reaction but are not consumed, thus, can be used all over again. This function of enzymes is directly dependent on their three-dimensional structures and on the variables that affect their stereochemistry. It was believed that all enzymes are protein in nature but several findings showed that certain ribonucleic acids (RNAs) have enzymatic function (Hein et. al. , 2005). A typical organism has a thousand of biological simple or conjugated enzymes. A simple enzyme is made up of amino acid units while a conjugated one has both protein and non-protein parts that are called apoenzyme and coenzyme respectively (Hein et. al. , 2005). The substrate or substance by which the enzyme will act upon binds at the enzyme’s active site. This active site is about 1-5% of the total surface area of the enzyme (Hein et. al. , 2005). Catalysis follows that is usually describe as formation of enzyme (E) and substrate (S) complex, then, E-S complex decomposes to yield the product and the enzyme. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are affected by several factors. This may be due to the variables effect on the stereochemistry of the enzyme and kinetics consideration. For instance, temperature affects the rate of all chemical reactions. The higher the temperature, the faster the chemical reaction takes place. However, enzymes coagulate in higher temperatures while lower temperatures results to low reaction rate. Thus, a particular enzyme best functions at its optimum temperature (Sacheim and Lehman, 1998). Concentration on the other hand, favors faster rate of chemical reaction. An increase in substrate concentration, hence, leads to a faster reaction until to the point wherein the enzyme is saturated by substrate. Moreover, every enzyme has an optimum pH range where it can function best (Sackheim and Lehman, 1998). Slight pH changes affect the polarity of the amino acid backbone of the enzyme resulting to changes in its catalytic function. In this simulation experiment, the catalytic capability of a hypothetical enzyme at different environmental conditions was investigated. The effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on its optimal catalytic function were taken into consideration. In addition, the optimal temperature and optimal pH of the hypothetical enzyme were also determined. Moreover, the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate was also explored. Procedure The spectrophotometer equipment was used in the simulation experiment in order to measure the amount of the product formed by the enzymatic reaction. The spectrophotometer is equipped with wavelength of light adjustment within 300-700 nanometre range, and percent transmittance (T) or absorption (A) of light by the sample. In addition, six different substrates labeled from A to F and six different enzymes also labeled from A to F were provided. The wavelength setting for each substrate was indicated on the vial and the clock above the substrate vials were used in setting the wavelength selector and in taking the time of the reaction respectively. Temperature, pH scale, a pipette, and a cleaning button were also made available. The substrate A and the enzyme A were used all throughout the simulation experiment. Optimal PH Five milliliter of enzyme A was added to 25 mL of substrate A and the spectrophotometer was set at 430 nanometer wavelength. This was done for every sample for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 pH values. The absorption for each sample was measured within one minute and 25Â ° temperature. Then, the graphical representation of data was made by plotting pH values against absorption values. Optimal Temperature Five millilitre of enzyme A was added to 25 mL of substrate A. This was done for 10Â °, 20Â °, 30Â °, 40Â °, 50Â °, 60Â °, 70Â °, and 80Â ° temperature values. The spectrophotometer was set at 430 nanometre wavelength and each sample was maintained with pH 8 value. Also, one minute absorption reading was allotted for every sample. Then, the temperature values were plotted against absorption values. Reaction Rate At this part of the simulation experiment, two mixtures of substrate A were prepared. The first sample was prepared by adding 5 mL of enzyme A into 25 mL of substrate A while the other sample was made by adding 25 mL of subtrate A with 15 mL of enzyme A. The spectrophotometer was set at 430 nanometre wavelength and the absorption reading for each sample was done for every 10 seconds within 2 minutes. The pH of each sample was maintained at pH 8 value. Finally, the graphical representation of time and absorption was made for each sample.

The Power Of Knowledge :: essays research papers

A person’s feeling can be depicted by the way he or she draws their pictures. Superiority and inferiority can be shown by the way the artist makes a person or ship larger or smaller than another person or ship. This is shown in the Spanish picture where the French ships are on the coast of America. The French ships are small and the Native Americans appear to be larger. In another picture it shows a tribe of Native Americans gathered around each other in a village. The first picture shows the Spaniards belief that the French are inferior to the Native Americans and themselves. They depict this by drawing the Native Americans much larger than the French people and even their ships. The power of the Spaniards is proven when they combine forces with the Native Americans to annihilate the French in Florida. The Europeans believed power was about conquering people. They conquered people in the name of God and Christianity. If they could not convert them they would destroy them. Their only knowledge was of God and what he wanted them to do. The Native Americans believed power was in the tribe. The picture of the Native Americans showed how they all come together. They thought a close –knit society was the best way of life. They created villages where people lived close to each other. They had a number of different occupational groups in their society. The Native Americans knew how to use the land far better than the Europeans. The Native’s farmland was located around the village. That also showed the how tight their bonds were. Because they all worked together on the farm and all took home some of the profit. On the other hand, the Europeans tended to keep a distance from each other. They had no sense of community. They did this because they wanted more land to farm. The more land they farmed the more money they could make. The Europeans had no real idea of who their neighbors were they lived in isolation. The main difference is the The Power Of Knowledge :: essays research papers A person’s feeling can be depicted by the way he or she draws their pictures. Superiority and inferiority can be shown by the way the artist makes a person or ship larger or smaller than another person or ship. This is shown in the Spanish picture where the French ships are on the coast of America. The French ships are small and the Native Americans appear to be larger. In another picture it shows a tribe of Native Americans gathered around each other in a village. The first picture shows the Spaniards belief that the French are inferior to the Native Americans and themselves. They depict this by drawing the Native Americans much larger than the French people and even their ships. The power of the Spaniards is proven when they combine forces with the Native Americans to annihilate the French in Florida. The Europeans believed power was about conquering people. They conquered people in the name of God and Christianity. If they could not convert them they would destroy them. Their only knowledge was of God and what he wanted them to do. The Native Americans believed power was in the tribe. The picture of the Native Americans showed how they all come together. They thought a close –knit society was the best way of life. They created villages where people lived close to each other. They had a number of different occupational groups in their society. The Native Americans knew how to use the land far better than the Europeans. The Native’s farmland was located around the village. That also showed the how tight their bonds were. Because they all worked together on the farm and all took home some of the profit. On the other hand, the Europeans tended to keep a distance from each other. They had no sense of community. They did this because they wanted more land to farm. The more land they farmed the more money they could make. The Europeans had no real idea of who their neighbors were they lived in isolation. The main difference is the

Baptism :: essays research papers

Baptism is a religious ritual that some people choose to practice. Baptism is a belief that once done you start a new spiritual life. There ways to perform this ritual, which is considered sacred among the people that follow the religion of Christianity. Baptism has three processes. The first process is preparation. The second process is performing the Baptism. The last process is the conclusion of the baptism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to perform a baptism, you have to prepare. The preacher has to see why the individual wants to commit their self to the Lord. Next, the individual has to inform the preacher why they want to give their self to the lord. Committing yourself to the lord is an important decision. Once the preacher agrees that the individual is true to their self and the Lord, the preacher sets aside a date for which the person shall be baptized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the date is meet, the baptism proceeds. In order for a baptism to happen the individual must have on garments they won’t mind getting wet. Also, the preacher gives the individual white robs as a ceremonial garment ; the white garment must be worm over the person’s clothing. Once the garments are in place, the pastor then performs the baptism ceremony. The pastor first gives the individual a name of a saint, which the name shall be his example and protector. Next, the pastor dips water upon the individual’s head three times. The pastor then anoints the individual on the head, this practice symbolizes true love and peace. The individual then receives a taper to mark that he become a child of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, the conclusion of the baptism is performed. The pastor says a few words of inspiration to the individual or individuals that has been baptized. There is also a celebration to celebrate the rebirth of the newly reformed Christian.

How the Prologue in Romeo and Juliet Prepares the Audience for the Play Essay

The prologue to Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ prepares the audience by making a short summary of the play so it gets the audience thinking about what the story is about. The prologue is a sonnet which is a 14 line poem, it is also known as an english, elizabethan sonnet which contains 3 quatrains and a rhyming couplet. A sonnet is usually a love poem and that is exactly what ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is about. The first quatrain of the sonnet is about the feud and conflict between the two families. Both of the families have the same status ‘ both alike in dignity’ but they seem to be holding a ‘grudge’ against each other, we aren’t told what causes the hate within the two houses but it is there and drags the households into fights this is particulaly shown in line 4 ‘where civil blood make civil hands unclean’ the word ‘blood’ is meaning that death and injuries occur due to the feud the families have. ‘Civil’ is meant to mean poliet or fair which is a bit ironic since there isn’t any politeness. The second quatrain is about the lovers, Romeo and Juliet, and their deaths. ‘From forth the fatal loins of these two foes’ this line is saying that the two household enemies have produced a pair of lovers, this is mainly emphasised in the phrase ‘ fatal loins’ this implies that these being in love is deadly and they are also involved with the feud of their parents. It also means that their fate has been decided and that death will be their destiny. The second line ‘A pair of star cross’d lovers take their life† this is implying that the stars which is meaning their destinies, since they believed that stars told their destiny like horoscopes, so being star cross’d lovers means that their destinies are entwined but they are also against each other due to the feud. The last line of the second quatrain ‘doth with their death bury their parents’ strife’ this shows that in order to end the feud the deaths of Romeo and Juliet seem to take affect on their parents. The next quatrain is about both love and hate. The first line ‘The fearful passage of their death-marked love’ this means that all the events that they go through will lead them them to their destinies of death. The second line says that their parents anger is something that isn’t easy to take away but in the next line ‘which but their children’s end, nought could remove’ this means that the only thing they can’t stop is their children’s death and it was caused by their hatred to one another. The last line ‘is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage’ this implies that the events that they have mentioned will now take place on the stage by the actors. The rhyming couplet is the last to lines of the sonnet. ‘The which, if you with patient ears attend, what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.’ These two lines are now directed to the audience and that now they are going to show them the play if they are willing to stay. The phrase ‘patient ears attend’ show that because they are on a stage they don’t usually use scenery so you have to listen and use their imagination to help what is happening. In conclusion the prologue to Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ prepare the audience for the play by mentioning the key facts to the play so they know what to expect when that particular event is being performed also it helps to explain the parts of the play which seem to be a mystery like the parents hatred, the audience would not know that the two families are meant to be sharing the same status just that there are two groups who don’t like each other. It also prepares the audience like a warning saying that death will occur in the play as well as love and hatred.

ICT & Teleworking essays

ICT & Teleworking essays Teleworking can benefit the individual in numerous ways. Working from home avoids both the high costs and stress often associated with commuting to work. It also allows a certain amount of comfort that cannot be achieved in an office environment, as you are working in your own native environment, the home. Teleworking gives more flexibility, especially in working hours, or working in other locales. For example, work can be done at night, or in smaller segments throughout the day, etc. or while travelling. However, there are also disadvantages to teleworking. Being at home, there are numerous possible distractions, especially normal house life, family, television, etc. These distractions, and absence of supervision, can hinder motivation; thus, the quality of work may deteriorate. The lack of a properly defined working environment can make it hard to escape from the home environment, and the boundaries between them become blurred. The lack of social interaction and support withdraw the teleworker from society, and essentially the second family of work colleagues. Additionally, the costs of resources, equipment, heating and lighting, etc. have to be paid at the workers expense. Teleworking primarily benefits the organisation financially. It cuts the cost of resources (equipment, power, etc.) and expensive property, a substantial cost of running a business, allowing it to be invested elsewhere. Because business is not dependent on location, there is a much larger recruitment area, as workers can be employed who live many miles, or even time zones, away. The lack of centralisation also means the organisation itself is more flexible and not reliant on one locale. On the other hand, because the workers are not centralised, it is hard to maintain quality of work or ensure that workers do not go off on a tangent. The lack of supervision can decrease motivation, affecti ...

Umberto Boccionis Futuristic essays

Umberto Boccionis Futuristic essays The creative engine of Italy was running low on fuel at the end of the 19th century. The Italians seemed to be still holding on to the pompous arrogance of the times and indulging in self-involvement. There was no other country at this time that was so subjected to the past, paralysed by lack of distinctive ideas, and deprived of a unique cultural identity1. The Italian public was fine with protecting tradition, and following naturalistic formulae and absolutely refused to notice the changes in art, literature, and drama. By the early 1900s technological inventions were becoming a crucial part of everyday life. Electric lighting, domestic appliances, and communications media were publicly known items that reinforced the sense of the impending future. Little did people know, that this integration between man and machine was the inspiration for futurism, which rumbled into the early 20th century. In 1909, when futurism was introduced to Italy, it was greeted with hesitation. Fu turism rejected all the splendor and decadence of Italys cultural past, in favor of new advances in science and technology. It enthusiastically embraced the concept of change as a fundamental aspect of its activities and ideology2. It was affected by the possibilities that new technology could bring, and the perception of modern city life. The futurists vision unfortunately upset many of the Italian public. Even though the public was eventually introduced to technology, many of them at that time could not understand the vision of these lovers of machines. Many of the manifestos, which discarded conventional morality and traditional values that were regarded as timid, nostalgic and sentimental, were not accepted with loving arms3. The readings of Futuristic poetry often ended in riots with several members of the audience in the hospital, and several Futurists ending up in jail. Umberto Boccioni was one of the Futurists that ended...

The #1 Left-Handed Scholarship

The #1 Left-Handed Scholarship SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve struggled all your life with scissors. You felt distinctly discriminated against during handwriting classes in grade school. And shaking hands feels downright unnatural. In short, you’ve suffered. And everyone knows that for every challenge out there, there’s a college scholarship to reward those who have struggled through it. Read on to hear about scholarships for you long-suffering lefties. Unique Scholarships for Unique People Did you know that one of the top search terms for scholarships is â€Å"left handed scholarships†? There is certainly a lot of demand, and many students have heard rumors of scholarships that will reward them for interesting physical attributes that they were born with. In fact, there are several scholarships out there for tall people, short people, fat people, healthy people, disabled people, and people who are visually impaired. And it’s true – there’s also a scholarship out there for you lefties! Congratulations! But let me emphasize that: there is A scholarship out there for you lefties. As in singular. One. And it’s from a college you’ve probably never heard of. You’re Just Not That Special Just kidding. You are special. Really. â€Å"But why only one?!† I can hear you shouting despairingly. I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but left-handed people are just not that special. The government doesn't consider left-handed people to be handicapped. Left-handed people haven't really suffered in any significant way. And they haven’t been discriminated against apart from in the relatively minor ways mentioned at the beginning of this article. In fact, about 10percent of the population is left-handed. There are approximately 700 million of you in the world. I’ll repeat: You are just not that special. (At least, not because of your dominant hand. Otherwise, you're a snowflake! Promise!) The good news is now that you know this, you can move on and start finding better scholarships. If you're determined to get an unusual scholarship, check out our list. There are alsothousands of scholarships out there and you are most likely qualified for at least some of them already, and others you can work to get qualified for. In short, the sooner you stop looking for left-handed scholarships, the better. The Only Left-Handed Scholarship But in case you're not convinced that you should seek money elsewhere, read on to hear about the only scholarship in the country for left-handed people. The Frederick and Mary F. Beckley Scholarship is awarded to one or two left-handed students each year at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. Never heard of Juniata? According to a press release on their web site, this is quite common. Many students only learn about the college when they are looking for a left-handed scholarship. In case you would like to learn more, Juniata is a quite strong liberal arts college with about 1,600 students. In addition to offering the country’s only left-handed scholarship, they are unique for having â€Å"Programs of Emphasis† instead of majors, a very eco-friendly campus, and accomplished men’s and women’s Division III volleyball teams. They also host some fun annual events, including a Pig Roast and the Mr. Juniata Pageant. So How Did This Scholarship Come Into Being? Back in 1919, students Frederick Beckley and Mary Francis were paired together in their tennis class because the coach thought that left-handed people couldn’t play tennis as well as the other students. Though they ended up married because of this, Frederick and Mary apparently took the discriminative act to heart and set out to help future generations of Juniata students who might also be unfairly treated because of their unusual dominant hands. The final question on the Juniata’s financial aid questionnaire asks if students are right or left-handed, but students who choose the â€Å"left-handed† option don’t have to prove it. From this, demonstrated financial need, and academic record at the college (the award is only for sophomores and above), a few students are chosen every year for the award. Once students receive the scholarship, they continue to receive the scholarship yearly until they graduate. In case it isn’t obvious, you cannot receive this scholarship unless you attend Juniata College. And seeing as there is no application process, even if you do choose to attend Juniata College to be awarded for your left-handedness, you can’t do much to ensure you get this scholarship except do well academically. The awards range between $1,000 and $1,500. Juniata’s estimated cost of attendance is $51,740 per year. In conclusion, Juniata may be a great fit for you – for a lot of reasons that do not include this scholarship. But if money is a big consideration, and being left-handed is your only distinguishing feature, it seems like a gamble to choose this school on the off-chance that you will get awarded a minor scholarship for three of the four years. What’s Next? As I’ve said, there are hundreds of thousands of scholarships out there. Check out our list of crazy scholarships if you would like to be unique. Many of them are open to all students willing to put in a bit of effort. If you can't get a full ride, don't give up! There are a lot of otherscholarships out there based on extracurriculars, such as community service, instead of academics. Not sure how much college would cost without a free ride? Check outthe real cost of attending college. Have you heard about a left-handed scholarship that we missed? Let us know in the comments. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Shareholder Wealth Maximisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Shareholder Wealth Maximisation - Essay Example While on the other hand CSR refers to the obligation that a business has towards the society for using it as resource. In this era of global business, maximisation of shareholder's wealth has frequently exposed violations to the responsibility that a business has towards the society. (Roe M.J., 2001) The dawn of Globalization was characterised by reformative measures in economies, mobilization of funds and growth at unusual pace. After the initial precipitation it appeared that much had to be evaluated in terms of gains and losses as a whole. Accordingly, the concept of Shareholder's Wealth Maximisation has been critically evaluated by many and subsequently other theories have been developed. However, moving on to the other approaches a better understanding of the market conditionals is needed. In business economies the markets are divided according to the structural variations. There are perfectly competitive markets which is the majority and there others such as the Monopoly, Monopolistic competitive markets and the Oligopoly markets. The shareholder maximising theory has created much stir in the perfectly competitive markets such as the U.S. The points are discussed in the later part of the study. However in a monopoly market the maximisation theory can be alarming. The shareholders in a monopoly market will try to maximise the profit by producing less and hiking price. The additional premium will be increasing the shareholder's wealth if primacy norms are higher. If, however, the primacy norms are weaker the above condition will enhance the Nation's wealth. As the world is now a global village the differences in the different market no longer exists. Therefore everybody is more worried on the system and approaches to functioning rather than on the place. The instances of the bankruptcies, fraudulent practices, concentration of wealth has given rise to other schools of thought in the objective of a business. Alternative Approaches An overlook at different economies will point out broad groups in the style of functioning. There are traditional and radical players, there are modern and flexible counterparts and there are nations who have mixed approaches to structural formation. For example countries like U.S. or U.K. are known for their shareholder wealth maximisation culture, on the other hand countries like Japan and Germany are known for their Stakeholder Maximisation concept. The shareholder maximisation theory rules that the managers of a firm will conduct fiduciary duties towards the maximising the investors in the firm. The Stakeholder Concept states that the managers' goal should not only be to maximize the shareholders' wealth but also take into consideration the stakeholders. The stakeholders of a firm are the employees, suppliers, customers and the local communities. (Allen F. & Zhao M., 2007) The Stakeholder concept, popularized by R. Edward Freeman, gave the world an important aspect to think. The theory was powerful enough to change the structural framework of economics and law. The importance of capital always existed in the world of business but it undermined the contribution of other factors

Efficiency of Cloud Computing Data Centers Thesis

Efficiency of Cloud Computing Data Centers - Thesis Example the respective organization, whereas, cloud computing is referred to as the ‘public cloud’ since it is available for use by any individual who might need instantaneous computing capability. This innovative concept has even leaped the performance level of data centers to a new level and has reduced costs for independent developers and organizations. 2. Background Information Warr (2009) stated that cloud computing is also referred to as ‘Platform as a Service’ (PaaS) since developers use it as a platform to run their applications or even develop them from scratch without investing in the acquisition of the required operating system or server hardware. Another name that is used for this concept is ‘Infrastructure as a Service’ (IaaS); it includes the dynamic usage of CPUs, virtual servers, network, storage, systems software etc. Software as a service (SaaS) is another type of cloud computing that provides access to software to users on their need basis while the software runs on the vendor’s side of the data centers. The conventional mode of using the software requires the installation of the software on the user’s computer but this latest technology requires no such installation. Since many decades, internet users have been availing the service of uploading their documents and pictures on the internet by different services like Flickr, Snapfish etc; this concept has enabled the people to save their data ‘on the cloud’. The latest concept of cloud computing is far more usable, scalable and efficient for individual developers and organizations. 2.1 Criteria of Effective Performance Rajan (2011) provided some relevant characteristics that can be helpful to... This paper stresses that the conventional enterprise data centers have been found to possess several limitations and constraints that make their adoption difficult. Enterprise data centers constitute a limited storage capacity and much capital is needed to increase the scale of the data centers. Cloud computing data centers offer the level of scalability that facilitates almost unlimited expansion of the IT infrastructure. The cost of the cloud computing service is dependent on the usage of the requested resources therefore proves to cut costs by significant numbers. The adoption of this technology provides freedom in terms of maintenance and regular updates of the data center software and platforms. This report makes a conclusion that cloud computing data centers promote mobility since they can be accessed from anywhere on the web. Therefore, it can be concluded that cloud computing data centers prove to be effective in typical and atypical business conditions but fall short in the security area. The innovative techniques to improve the physical conditions of the data centers have benefitted the organizations, as well as the society since lesser energy is being consumed from the resources of the planet. Containerized servers, innovative data center designs, evaporative cooling, free-cooling are some of the techniques that have played their role in the reduction of PUE. The uauthor talks that the security standards of cloud computing shall be analyzed in detail for their effectiveness and the rate at which they are being adapted by the respective providers. Data encryption mechanisms shall also be studied that have been adapted by different organizations to improve the cloud comp uting services.

Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Testing - Research Paper Example Test methods include, but are not restricted to, the process of using an application or program with the aim of finding software errors, bugs or other defects (Humble & Farley, 2010). Testing begins the same time as the system design. Test groundwork is carried out by a unique group to make sure that each and every element is correctly handled. Unit test is managed by the programmer who creates the code. Every programmer tests their own code. Any bug found is rectified by the programmer, and the programs are reevaluated till clean (Humble & Farley, 2010). When testing has been done to all the programs, and no error has been found, the test begins. The division of debugging from testing was originally introduced, in 1979, by Glenford Myers (Ammann & Offutt, 2008). Even if, his goal was on breakage testing ("an effective test is one that locates a bug") it demonstrates the need of the software engineering society to divide fundamental development actions, such as repairing, from that o f authentication. Concerning the periods and the diverse objectives in software testing, diverse roles have been set: manager, test lead, test designer, test analyst, tester, test administrator and automation developer. Ammann & Offutt (2008) classified the goals and phases in software testing in the following stages: Debugging oriented (1956) Demonstration oriented (1957–1978) Destruction oriented (1979–1982) Evaluation oriented (1983–1987) Prevention oriented (1988–2000) How Testing is Controlled Test control can be considered as the test management tasks needed throughout the test procedure so as to keep the testing aligned to the software development procedure, the requirements of the project, and the requirements of the firm wanting to use the software (Miller, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2004). These tasks take place as stipulated, based on the decision of the test manager, as well as other associates of the project team, and can also occur on a premeditated basis (Miller, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2004). Testing is controlled by ensuring that Software Quality Control is set up. Software Quality Control refers to a set of protocols used by companies to make sure that a software product will fulfill its quality objectives at the best value to the client, and frequently to improve the firm’s capacity to produce more software products in the future. Software quality controls are specified requirements, both functional and non-functional, such as supportability, usability and performance (Cangussu, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2002). It also refers to the capacity for software to perform effectively in unpredictable scenarios and maintain a fairly low fault rate. These premeditated procedures and requirements bring about the idea of software testing, Validation and Verification It is different from software quality assurance, which incorporates reviews of the quality management system alongside a standard. While software quality control refers to contr ol or management of products, software quality assurance, on the other hand, is a control of processes. This function checks whether or not a software project follows its premeditated procedures and processes, and that the project brings out the anticipated internal and external products (output) (Miller, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2004). Managing Creativity When managing creativity with regards to software management, it is vital to differentiate two main viewpoints: activity-level (or task-level) analysis, as well as process-level analysis. The activity-level viewpoint pertains to the issues of how pockets of creativity are typified and how they can be endorsed (Sommerville, 2006). The process-level

WLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

WLAN - Essay Example It is also known as â€Å"Wireless-N".(Rathbone, 2012) It is the latest 802.11 amendment that offers the high speed data transfer rate with improved signal ranges than the previous amendments. As a matter of fact, the verified speeds for 802.11n devices are 7 times faster than 802.11g while communicating at 300 Mbps or more in real world scenario. Evidences proved it as the first Wi-Fi 802.11 amendment that has challenged the 100 Mbps wired Ethernet architectures. 802.11n supporting devices are designed for better performance at long distances, which means that if a portable device is 300 feet away from the Wi-Fi access point it will still retain its actual data rate. Distinguishing it from older versions of 802.11, where data rate and communication with the access points tend to be weakened when a portable device is that far. As we know that 802.11n has been standardized and groups in wireless industry such as the Wi-Fi Alliance have been forcing for backward compatibility among 802.11n and its previous version supporting devices – has reduced the risk of buying devices that may not communicate with each other or with older hardware. Studies showed that cross technology interference can be main issue for almost all the 802.11 amendments. A research based study in 2010 by giants like Miercom, BandSpeed and Farpoint Group showed that these huge interferers like microwave and cordless phones can be responsible for complete connectivity loss for 802.11n connectivity. The reason behind this is, some of these devices transmit frequency in band that is as wide as 802.11, while each one of these give out power that is equivalent or sometimes higher than 802.11 device. As we know that 802.11n inherent the MIMO technology. (Madisetti, 2010, p. 27-28) One solution can make it possible if we use a 3Ãâ€"3 802.11n transmitter. It will help in a way that all the interferences can disturb one stream while still two parallel streams are present for its receiver. The suggested

Comparison Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparison Report - Assignment Example The figure 2 below is a contemporary piece that is similar to the French directoire style. On the case of this piece, a fabric will not be needed for the sake of upholstering it because it is a table that does not have such requirements. If it were a chair, however, voile would be the most preferable fabric for it. There are a number of similarities that appear in the two architectural pieced selected for the purposes of this assignment. For example, all the pieces have minimal carving and are characterized by highly grained veneers (In McPhee, 2015). Only one difference is prevalent. The French directoire does not have as much decorative painting as the latter. OReillys Plaza Art Galleries. (1976).  Steinway Grand piano, antique French directoire, provincial, Regency English furniture, Meissen and oriental objects, oil paintings, silver and oriental rugs\. New York: OReillys Plaza Art

WLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

WLAN - Essay Example It is also known as â€Å"Wireless-N".(Rathbone, 2012) It is the latest 802.11 amendment that offers the high speed data transfer rate with improved signal ranges than the previous amendments. As a matter of fact, the verified speeds for 802.11n devices are 7 times faster than 802.11g while communicating at 300 Mbps or more in real world scenario. Evidences proved it as the first Wi-Fi 802.11 amendment that has challenged the 100 Mbps wired Ethernet architectures. 802.11n supporting devices are designed for better performance at long distances, which means that if a portable device is 300 feet away from the Wi-Fi access point it will still retain its actual data rate. Distinguishing it from older versions of 802.11, where data rate and communication with the access points tend to be weakened when a portable device is that far. As we know that 802.11n has been standardized and groups in wireless industry such as the Wi-Fi Alliance have been forcing for backward compatibility among 802.11n and its previous version supporting devices – has reduced the risk of buying devices that may not communicate with each other or with older hardware. Studies showed that cross technology interference can be main issue for almost all the 802.11 amendments. A research based study in 2010 by giants like Miercom, BandSpeed and Farpoint Group showed that these huge interferers like microwave and cordless phones can be responsible for complete connectivity loss for 802.11n connectivity. The reason behind this is, some of these devices transmit frequency in band that is as wide as 802.11, while each one of these give out power that is equivalent or sometimes higher than 802.11 device. As we know that 802.11n inherent the MIMO technology. (Madisetti, 2010, p. 27-28) One solution can make it possible if we use a 3Ãâ€"3 802.11n transmitter. It will help in a way that all the interferences can disturb one stream while still two parallel streams are present for its receiver. The suggested

Sustainable business in the 21st century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable business in the 21st century - Essay Example Tourism remains a panacea of sustainable development in many nations; hence, different nations promote various forms of tourism. Sustainable tourism development relies on the premise of sustainability because it takes into consideration the resource base that currently exist and utilization of those resources in a way that the resource base for future generations are not damaged. Moreover, sustainable tourism encourages fairness and equity in order to create a win-win situation in stakeholders involved in the sector. Sustainability develops from the premise of three pillars that need to be satisfied and they include the natural environment, the economy and socio-economic benefits. For sustainability in tourism, the environment is paramount to any form of business and development and is the responsibility of everyone including developers who design and engage in supporting the infrastructure. Tourism follow established guidelines and regulatory framework in order to conform to social and economic as well as environmental standards in an attempt to embrace environmentally friendly practices. ... By engaging in environmental good practices, businesses influence tourists by their efforts and follow the practices of locals in maintaining the environment. Through continuous foreign exchange brought about by the sustainable tourism, emerge positive spill-off effects that contribute in job creation, entrepreneurial ventures and links sectors. In the 21st century, businesses in the sector face the challenge of coming up with different ways of doing things in the business because there is no need of having healthy businesses without healthy society and environment; hence, the tour and accommodation business steps up to the challenge by integrating cooperate social responsibility and environmental sustainability (Benady, 2013). Given the nature of tourism and its fragility, the industry focuses on sustainability as well as sustainable tourism development by addressing the challenges of traffic congestion and engaging in strategic marketing and reforming legislation so that players in the industry comply. The paper presents a framework concerning sustainable development that takes into consideration the satisfaction of all stakeholders (Ramgulam, Raghunandan-Mohammed and Raghunandan, 2013). The significance of sustainability models witnessed increased recognition in areas of science and politics as the world faces several economic, environmental and social challenges. Tour and accommodation like other sectors that have witnessed the increase of experienced economy and skilled consumption, has undergone main transformation. The rapid development of cultural tourism has caused problems and there are signs that cultural tourism is falling prey to its own

Northanger Abbey Characters Essay Example for Free

Northanger Abbey Characters Essay Second of which, it is also important to note that the social identity theory claims that every person enacts multiple identities that functions in every social context such as for instance, mother, professor, volunteer, that could be drivers of buying actions (p. 11). The behavioral decision theory that is under the umbrella of the social identity theory claims that choices of consumers are often made in accordance with their attribute values. Closely related to this is the attitude theory which emphasizes consumer expectancies and evaluations on a particular product belief (p. 11-12). The figure below presents consumer goals in terms of their buying preferences. It could be seen that the core reason that determines why such and such consumers buy certain products is primarily due to their life theme and values. In effect of these, their life themes and values deeply influenced how they are going to deal with their life projects, current concerns and consumption intentions. Finally, the benefits sought and the feature preferences are also considered as the end goal of the being and doing hierarchy. Figure 3:   A hierarchical model of consumer goals Source: Ratneshwar, Mick and Huffman (2000, p. 14) Life themes and values are the personal ideas of being and the highest goal in a persons framework. A terminal value is a belief that is considered as an end in itself such as freedom r wisdom. These types of values are like existential concerns that every customer has to deal with their daily lives which are rooted on their personal histories (p. 15). Themes and values in one’s life are the core conceptions of the self. These values are deeply embedded, interconnected and central in order to maintain integrity of the self-system. Corollary with this, these values are relatively stable and accessible as well and could be activated easily in almost any circumstance. As such it could be said that themes and values serve as a yardstick or standard guide to lower-order goals and actions (p. 17). Current concerns such as activities, tasks or quests are also vital in a consumers buying behavior. For instance, activities or life projects that a customer wants to engage into like gardening, being an animal rights advocate and the likes influences them to buy certain products that are in accordance to such goals (p.18). 2. 5 CSR and Purchasing Decisions The link between CSR and consumer purchasing decisions is something that has a direct relationship. It has been said by Varadarajan and Menon (1988) that it is very relevant for consumers to first be educated on a particular companys level of social responsibility before they could incorporate such on their pattern of behavior. This is important so that consumer purchasing decisions could be affected by the CSR programs that a company is employing. The notion of cause related marketing which is a way for companies to support non profit organizations by allotting a certain percentage of their sales to the former is one of the most effective way of doing the aforementioned (Mohr and Webb, 2001, p. 45). Albeit, it should be noted that although CSR has been highly exercised by most companies, the biggest inhibitor of the latters success is lack of consumer awareness on a particular companys CSR program. However even if this is the case, there is a growing evidence that a lot of consumers are desiring to know more about how companies conducts their businesses. The purchasing information that was given by Council on Economic Priorities in 1994 tells that consumer interest on CSR has been steadily growing (Mohr and Webb, 2001, p. 45). 2. 6 Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty Customer satisfaction is difficult to understand and it is define in different ways. Many researchers argued that there is a difference between the customer satisfaction, which is gained from tangible products and intangible services. The difference is because of the intangibility of the services and the failure to separate production and consumption. Therefore, customer satisfaction from services and goods may come from and influenced by different factors. Hence, should be considered separately and differently (Veloutsou, C. et al, 2005). Two issues should be considered when looking customer satisfaction in services whether it is conceptualized or transaction specific or cumulative (Hoest, V. and Knie-Andersen, M. , 2004). Customer satisfaction has been perceived as not the sole determining factor for a loyal customer base (Griffin and Herres, 2002, p. 2). During the 1980s and the 1990s, the notion of customer satisfaction which is weighed in terms of providing quality customer service and excellence has been perceived as providing good financial results and repeat purchase. A study conducted by Forum Corporation (Stum and Thiry, 1991, p. 34) claimed that 40% of the customers who participated in the study claimed to be satisfied with a particular product found it easy to shift brands without any hesitation. As such, it has been perceived by Griffin and Herres (2002; p.4-5) that the true measurement that should be used in repeated business is Customer Loyalty. Customer loyalty focuses more on consumer behaviour than attitude. When a particular client is loyal to a brand, such a person is more particular in conducting purchase behaviour that is relatively more non random. A client who is loyal to a brand has developed a particular justified belief on which and what to buy from whom. More importantly, the notion of loyalty implies a purchase that occurs for a particular duration, which does not occur less than twice. Also, it could be significantly noted that the decision to purchase could be made by one or two or more individuals. As such, it could be the case that the decision making to buy a particular product could be a compromise, hence explaining one of the key reasons for ones loyalty for a particular unit. There are two important factors that are closely associated with brand loyalty and these are customer retention and total share of customer. The former describes the duration in which a particular company has the business of a client. The rate of customer share on the other hand is equivalent to the percentage of a customers budget that is spent with the firm. For instance, a company is said to have 100% share of a customers budget if the latter spends his or her entire budget with a particular firm. As such it could be said that customer retention and percentage of customers budget is very important; however, there might be instances wherein a customer is prevented by certain laws to purchase just from one vendor such as government accounts. Gustafsson and Johnson (2000; p.50) presented a model which would effectively measure customer satisfaction. Satisfaction in terms of the model is perceived as customers overall evaluation of the purchase and consumption experience with a product, service or provider†. The model presented by Gustafsson and Johnson (2000) appears to be different from transaction-specific portrayals of customer satisfaction that normally leads to repurchase. The model focuses on the importance of Customer Lens or the perspective of a customer on a particular brand, most especially how it benefits them. The lens of the customer will allow the organization to take a view of their product as it appears on the market place and not really how their organization perceives it (Gustafsson and Johnson, 2000, p. 5). It has been argued by Gustafsson and Johnson   (2000) that customers decisions to repurchase a particular product are deeply influenced by their overall purchase and consumption from a particular company or brand. In addition, customer satisfaction could pave the way for an enhanced reputation and an increase of brand equity for a particular organization. Such in turn could further attract customers that could have further increase the market share of a particular brand. 2. 7 The Body Shop International, PLC Values The Body Shop International PLC has five corporate values: Against Animal Testing, Support Community Trade, Activate Self Esteem, and Protecting our Planet (The Body Shop International plc a, 2007). 2. 7. 1 Against Animal Testing The company strongly advocated for the banning of the test of cosmetics on animals. In addition, the company prides itself due to its strict compliance of the internationally recognized Humane Cosmetics Standards (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). As such it has been implementing a so-called fixed cut-off date to all of their ingredients. Such means, that the company does not and will never test their cosmetics on animals, hence calling it an immovable fixed date (The Body Shop International plc c, 2007). More importantly, the company has also assured that their products could also be suitable for vegetarians. This means that the company does not use any ingredient that is perceived to cause harm to animals (The Body Shop International plc c, 2007). In effect of this, the Body Shop has been awarded on 2006 as the Best Cruelty-free Cosmetics by the PETA (People for the Ethical Treatments of Animals). (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). The advocate of Body Shop to ban animal testing is stretched even by the company supporting researches that could bring about alternatives against animal testing. In 2004, the Body Shop Foundation has awarded the Centre for Alternatives to Animal Testing at John Hopkins University ? 20 000 in order to support the universitys research in finding other ways to test cosmetics   (The Body Shop International plc b, 2007). 2. 7. 2 Support Community Trade Body Shops support for community trade focuses on the use of natural ingredients and handcrafted products from skilled people and was brought for a reasonable prize for more than 20 years on over 24 countries and 31 suppliers (The Body Shop International plc e, 2007). In another perspective, community fair trade provides workers in marginalized countries to earn a reliable wage that could help them build their futures (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). More importantly, the community trade that Body Shop made from the aforementioned also provides the company the assurance that it has been purchasing ingredients in which they know where came from (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). As such, it could be said that the company has been spreading not only its monetary assets but also its intellectual investments as well fairly among countries most especially to the ones which needed it most (The Body Shop International plc d, 2007). 2. 7. 3 Activate Self Esteem Body shop also deeply upholds basic feminist values. Their motto: Know your mind, love your body; communicates the individuality of all women and the disregard to false promises, hype, and jargons of cosmetics and a fixed standard of beauty (The Body Shop International plc f, 2007). More importantly, the body shop emphasizes the importance of self awareness, self-confidence, self-growth and self-acceptance. As such it deems self respect while focusing on diversity, acceptance and empowerment (The Body Shop International plc g, 2007). 2. 7. 4 Protecting our Planet Protecting the planet is the last among the five core values of Body Shop. This value is deeply connected on the advocate of the company in using natural ingredients. Body Shop believed that through the use of natural ingredients and through helping on the ban against cosmetic test on animals, they are helping to protect the environment (The Body Shop International plc h, 2007). Furthermore, Body Shop also supports the use of renewable sources through the use of Forest Stewardship Council certified wood products. I

Issues In Sport And Touch Football Sociology Essay

Issues In Sport And Touch Football Sociology Essay This research explores the way gender is perceived and constructed within the examined roles of touch football referees, with the aim of investigating gender equity relative to the participation and experience of female referees in touch football. The key questions of this thesis emanate from concerns around the equitable distribution of officiating sports roles. This concern also extends to individuals who may want to shift from participating in sporting activities just as participants to officiating in sports. Officiating and volunteering roles in sport have typically been highly gendered, with females over-represented in lower status roles. Females have tended to dominate the non-paid volunteer positions in sporting operations, while males are typically over-represented in leadership roles. This inequity has been strongly rallied against by researchers who have adopted a gender focus in their research. This thesis contends that the sporting practice of touch football, whilst considered by many to be a sporting practice that is reflective of current societal norms and values, could benefit from a gendered analysis. In order to operationalise the research, a case study approach was adopted which examined the role of female referees officiating in a locally-based senior mixed touch football competition. The role of referees in the local touch football competition presents a number of unique factors which are highly beneficial to this study. Refereeing in the competition is open to both males and females in the mixed competition. The selection of referees is through an administrative process that involves a number of relevant processes that draw on broader gender equity issues such as credentialism and professionalism, as well as simple gender bias. Theoretically the research approach has drawn on elements of the work of Norbert Elias, in particular the concept of figurationalism, and also the post-structuralist approach from Actor Network Theory [ANT]. The methodologies and analysis explore the site of touch football in a small rural setting through engaging with the touch football participants experiences of playing and officiating in the role of referee in the competition. The research is significant for several reasons and at different levels. First, Australian Government policies such as the Active Women: National Policy for Women and Girls in Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity, 1999-2002 (1999a), and How to include Women and Girls in Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity: Strategies and Good Practice (1999b) require Australian sport institutions to foster sporting cultures that allow and value the full involvement of females in every aspect of sport. Second, societal practices that support inequities are persistent and will re-emerge as dominant forms if they are not subjected to critical examination and leadership given for just change. Third, at a game administration level, gender equity is identified as a key strategy to ensure the long-term growth of the sporting practice by ensuring equal opportunities in all aspects of the game. Fourth, at a game and individual level, the inclusion of an appropriate gender mix will help to neutralise unwanted masculine traits of overt aggression and sexist behaviour from the sport. Female participation in the referee role that is reflective of the female player cohort will arguably help to shape the sporting practice to reflect the shared values of a mixed competition, focusing on the positive social and physical benefits of the game. Last, the research area is of keen interest to the researcher and is an area of inquiry where there is prior knowledge of the location of roles within the sporting practice, and a capacity and ease for the researcher to engage with those involved at the local level. 1.2 Research hypothesis This thesis seeks to explore whether a gendered approach to examining a local touch football competition will assist in improving the outcomes of both males and females in relation to officiating within the sport. Therefore, this thesis is concerned with the equitable representation of female referees in the local mixed touch football competition. Individuals understandings of gender differences within the role of referee and applicable strategies to address gender equity will frame the thesis. This thesis is best read as a preliminary analysis of gender equity in refereeing within the sporting practice of touch football. The research is approved by the CQUniversity Human Research Ethics Committee [H12/02-019], Queensland Touch Association and Central Queensland Touch Association. 1.3 Research background 1.3.1 Key concerns in sport Sport has historically attracted considerable attention from social theorists and commentators, with approaches ranging from macro and meta-analysis of sporting behaviours and outcomes to micro approaches that examine the everyday and mundane elements of sport. This thesis adopts a gendered, post-structuralist approach to exploring the key issue of gender equity in the roles of officiating in sport. In the next section, a background will be given of the key concerns that helped shape the research process and an introduction to touch football will assist the uninitiated to the sporting practice. An elementary understanding of the sporting practice, together with a familiarity with the general history and values embedded in the sporting practice will assist in a reading of the research. 1.3.1.1 Gender in sport The research adopts a gendered approach as gender is seen as an important social construct. The construct of gender can be used to uncover and understand better sporting practices, offering an opportunity to improve the individual and collective outcomes that are associated with particular sports. The sociology of gender has developed in line with successive waves of the feminists movement and creates an intellectual endeavour in its own right (Weedon 1997). This thesis uses a working definition of gender as a system of social practices as a means to interrogate the social arrangements of touch football (Ridgeway and Smith-Lovin 1999, p. 192). The gendered social practices establish and maintain gender distinctions, differences and inequalities. Relationships between actors are organised to some extent on those distinctions, differences and inequalities. Gender represents those social, cultural and psychological traits linked to males and females through particular social contexts an d translations. Debate remains on all elements that comprise feminist theory, but basically, the consensus is that a theory is feminist if it can be used to contest a status quo that is damaging to females (Chafetz 1988; Hall 1996). Feminists work through various avenues to increase females empowerment. Feminists accept the goal of ending sexism by empowering females (Weedon 1997), though there is a great deal of disparity about how that goal can be achieved. One interpretation is that there are numerous femininities and masculinities which are more multiple than singular or bi-polar expressions of gender. Miller (2009, p. 127) contends masculinity [and femininity] is best viewed not as a property or an essence, but as a series of contingent signs and practices that exercise power over both males and females, and to know it is to shift it, not just to love it. The processes and relationships through which males and females conduct their gendered lives should be the focus of researchers (Connell 2005). Males and females cannot be defined as being a certain gender, as their gender is a fluid aspect of their identity that is not constrained to one of a finite number of gender categories. However, outcomes for males and females differ, which subsequently introduces a challenging tension with conceptualisations of gender as subjectively fluid and yet objectively presenting as correlated to differing outcomes. The demand to formulate opportunities for females to successfully compete in sport then becomes both complex and highly disputed (Hall 1996; Hargreaves 1994). This is illustrated in debates over separatist sporting activities as opposed to mixed competitions, or with regards to the imbalance in media representations of females sport compared to males sport. As a clear reminder of the relevancy of gender equity in sport, the World Economic Forums Global Gender Gap Index shows that Australia is ranked twenty-third out of one hundred and thirty-five nations on a series of gender-based disparities, with a considerable decline in the relative progress (Hausmann, Tyson, Bekhouche and Zahidi 2011). 1.4 Research approach why studying touch football is important The research involves a case study of a locally-based senior mixed touch football competition. The next section provides a contextualisation for the research by describing key elements of touch football. A brief history of the game of touch football in Australia is also presented. 1.4.1 Key elements of touch football 1.4.1.1 Getting to the field of play  [1]   1.4.1.1.1 The playing field and the ball Touch football, also known as touch rugby or touch, is typically played on a rectangular field, and measures seventy metres in length from score line to score line  [2]  and fifty metres in width (Touch Football Australia 2007). The playing surface is normally grass however, other surfaces may be used. The game is played with an oval, inflated ball slightly smaller than rugby league and rugby union balls. The official ball size is thirty-six centimetres long and fifty-five centimetres in circumference (Touch Football Australia 2007). 1.4.1.1.2 Mode of play The aim of the game of touch football is for each team to score touchdowns  [3]  and to prevent the opposition from scoring (Touch Football Australia 2007). The ball may be passed, flicked, knocked, handed or thrown [but not kicked] sideways or backwards between teammates who can run or else move with the ball in an attempt to gain territorial advantage and score (Touch Football Australia 2007). Defending players prevent the attacking team  [4]  from gaining a territorial advantage by touching  [5]  the ball carrier or attacking players may initiate touches at which point, play stops and is restarted with a roll ball  [6]  (Touch Football Australia 2007). 1.4.1.1.3 Possession Unless other rules apply, the team with the ball is entitled to six touches prior to changing possession with the opposing team (Touch Football Australia 2007). Following the sixth touch or the loss of possession due to any other means, players of the team losing possession are to hand or pass the ball to the nearest opposition player, or place the ball on the ground at the mark  [7]  without delay (Touch Football Australia 2007). Attacking players who ask for the ball are to be handed the ball. Players are not to delay the changeover procedure. 1.4.1.1.4 Defending From the tap  [8]  for the start of the game or from a penalty, the defending team must be at least ten metres from the point of the tap (Touch Football Australia 2007). After making a touch, the defending team must retreat the distance the referee marks, at least five metres from the mark where the touch occurred, and remain there until the half  [9]  touches the ball (Touch Football Australia 2007). If a player does not retreat the entire distance the referee marked, they are considered offside. If a player makes an attempt to defend whilst inside this distance, they will be penalised. 1.4.1.1.5 Scoring A touchdown is awarded when a player [without being touched and other than the half] places the ball on the ground on or over the teams attacking score line and within the boundaries of the touchdown zone  [10]  (Touch Football Australia 2007). A touchdown is worth 1 point. The team who at the end of play has scored the most touchdowns is declared the winner. In the event of neither team scoring, or in the event of both teams scoring the same number of touchdowns, a draw is declared. 1.4.1.1.6 The half The half [or acting half] is subject to a number of restrictions that do not apply to other players. If the half is touched with the ball, the attacking team loses possession. The half cannot score a touchdown since trying to do so results in a change of possession. If the half takes too long to retrieve the ball, the referee can call play on and defenders are allowed to move forward before the half has touched the ball. 1.4.1.1.7 Commencement/recommencement of play Play is started by a tap at the beginning of each half, following a touchdown and when a penalty is awarded. The tap is performed by an attacking player placing the ball on the ground at or behind the mark  [11]  , releasing both hands from the ball, touching the ball with either foot a distance of not more than one metre and retrieving the ball cleanly (Touch Football Australia 2007). The defensive team must stay at a minimum distance of ten metres from the mark during the tap, unless they are positioned on their own score line. The defensive players can move after the ball carrier has touched the ball with their foot. The player who has performed the tap may be touched without losing possession. The attacking side must be positioned behind the ball when it is tapped. The attacking side may move the ball up to ten metres directly behind the given mark when taking a penalty tap. In this case, the defending side must still remain ten metres from the original mark, not the new mark . 1.4.1.1.8 Player attire All participating players are to be correctly attired in team uniforms. Uniforms typically consist of upper apparel [t-shirts or polo shirts], shorts [or briefs for female players] and socks with footwear (Touch Football Australia 2007). Shoes with screw-in studs are not to be worn by any player. Light leather or synthetic boots with soft-moulded soles are permitted, as long as individual studs are no longer than thirteen millimetres (Touch Football Australia 2007). All players are to wear an identifying number clearly displayed on the front or rear of the upper garment (Touch Football Australia 2007). Players are not to participate in any match while wearing any item of jewellery. Long or sharp fingernails are to be trimmed or taped. 1.4.1.2 Administration of touch football 1.4.1.2.1 The referee, line judges and touchdown zone officials, and the importance of the whistle Touch football must have at least one referee to officiate the game but most major games encompass one central referee and two sideline referees, who interchange roles constantly throughout the game (Touch Football Australia 2007). The central referee is the sole judge on matters of fact and is required to arbitrate on the rules of the game during play (Touch Football Australia 2007). The central referee may impose any sanction necessary to control the match and in particular, award penalties for infringements against the rules (Touch Football Australia 2007). Line judges and touchdown zone officials assist the central referee with tasks associated with sidelines, score lines and touchdown zone lines, and other matters at the discretion of the central referee. Their normal duties include indicating the ten metres distance for taps from a penalty, controlling substitutions, matters of backplay and other advice when sought by the central referee (Touch Football Australia 2007). The central referee must have a whistle to control the game. The start of play and a touchdown are signalled by long whistle blasts. A sixth touch, short whistle blast and the end of play, a long, fluctuating whistle blast (Touch Football Australia 2007). The standard whistle in Australia is the Acme Thunderer fifty-eight point five. 1.4.1.3 Rules of the game 1.4.1.3.1 Team composition and substitution A team consists of fourteen players, no more than six of who are allowed on the field at any time (Touch Football Australia 2007). In mixed competitions, the maximum number of males allowed on the field of play is three (Touch Football Australia 2007). The minimum male requirement on the field of play is one (Touch Football Australia 2007). Players may substitute at any time during the game in keeping with the interchange procedure (Touch Football Australia 2007, p. 10). There is no limit to the number of times a player may interchange, but substitutions can only be made from players who are registered at the commencement of the game (Touch Football Australia 2007). 1.4.1.3.2 Duration The match is forty-five minutes duration, entailing two twenty minute halves. There is a five minute half time break. When time expires play is to continue until the ball next becomes dead  [12]  (Touch Football Australia 2007). Should a penalty be awarded during this period, the penalty is to be taken. 1.4.1.3.3 Competition points Points are awarded in competition matches throughout the season. Teams are awarded three points for a win or a bye, two points for a draw and one point for a loss or a forfeit (Touch Football Australia 2007). 1.4.1.3.4 Penalty A penalty is to be awarded for an infringement by any player in line with the rules of the game (Touch Football Australia 2007). For example, a penalty is awarded to the non-offending team if the ball is passed forward, a touch and pass is committed, a player does not perform the roll ball at the mark, an obstruction is committed, a defending player does not retreat in a straight line to an onside position, a player is offside [on-field player or substitute], and a player acts in contradiction of the rules or spirit of the game (Touch Football Australia 2007). 1.4.1.3.5 Positions Teams are split into three positions, two middles [the central players], two wings [the players on either edge of the field] and two links [the players between the wings and middles]. 1.4.1.3.6 Grades Touch football is normally played in four different ability categories ranging from A grade [the most competitive] through B, C and D grade [the most inexperienced and usually the least competitive]. 1.4.2 The history of touch football in Australia  [13]   Touch football has evolved over time and is now considered to be a relatively fast-paced game. Changes in the structure of the sport have enabled the development of touch football to proceed. 1.4.2.1 From humble beginnings The game of touch football has humble beginnings. Historically applied as a training model for rugby league and rugby union teams over the summer months of the 1950s and 1960s, it was originally not seen as a sport in its own right (Touch Football South Australia n.d.). Progressively more people, explicitly males over twenty-five years of age  [14]  , were recruited to touch football teams and formal competitions were established (Touch Football Western Australia 2007; Townsville Castle Hill Touch Association n.d.). The popularity of touch football was credited to the game being considered relatively safe compared to rugby league and rugby union (Touch Football Victoria 2009). Touch football was also considered to be a social activity affording the prospect for participants and supporters to gather in a relaxed sport setting. The first formal game of touch football in Australia was reportedly held in South Sydney, a strong traditional rugby league area (Touch Football Western Australia 2007). The South Sydney Touch Association was formed in 1968 and convened a competition at Pioneer Park, Malabar in that year (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). Not long after, the sport gained popularity in a number of inner-city areas of Sydney. Consequently, the New South Wales Touch Association was formed in 1972, incorporating the six regions of Southern Suns, Sydney Scorpions, Sydney Rebels, Sydney Mets, Hunter Western Hornets and Northern Eagles, and about 1,500 registered players (Shilbury and Kellett 2006; Touch Football South Australia n.d.). The first country association was in Wagga Wagga, which was formed in 1973, and womens touch football was first played at a representative level in 1979 (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). Touch football appealed to ex-rugby players retired from the game through age or injury, and to players not willing or capable of playing rugby, but interested in playing a form of rugby (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). An increased awareness in fitness in the adult population and the availability of former rugby players to take part, all served to develop the game (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). 1.4.2.2 The development of a touch football identity Subsequently, touch football later appeared in numerous other New South Wales country regions before it became an official sport in Brisbane (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). From there the game developed in every other State and Territory in Australia, and the Australian Touch Association, now trading as Touch Football Australia, was founded in November 1978 (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). With the establishment of these associations, game rules came to be standardised. However, a formal rule book was not developed until late in 1980 (Touch Football Victoria 2009). In September 1981, the sport agreed to change its name from touch football to touch  [15]  , though to many the sport has also been known as touch rugby (Touch Football Australian Capital Territory 2007). A number of other changes resulted, such as the introduction of an official touch ball, which is notably smaller than both league and union balls, and the playing field size lessened, seventy metres by fifty metres (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). Major rule changes occurred during this period, moving from seven players per side, which was implemented in 1980, to six-a-side (Touch Football Australian Capital Territory 2007; Touch Football Victoria 2009). Shortly after, the marker  [16]  was removed from the roll ball and the half was prevented from being able to s core a touchdown (Touch Football Australian Capital Territory 2007). Recently, the Australian Touch Association has rebranded the sport as touch football in an attempt to clarify that it is a sport with a ball (Touch Football South Australia n.d.). While tackles and scrums are not elements of touch football, Touch Football Victoria (2009) suggested employing the term touch rugby lends itself to an impression that the sport may be of a rough, physical nature, which is anything but reality. Touch football was originally played under rugby league laws without activities that comprised hard physical contact (Coffey 2010). The simplicity, skills-based motion and avoidance of full-contact, together with team [social and communication] benefits and minimum equipment requirements, have become distinctive elements of the modern game. 1.4.2.3 Elite competition emerges While the majority of touch football games are played at a local competition level, State level competitions have featured prominently in touch football. The earliest interstate clashes in touch football occurred when the Brisbane Touch Association representative team played the South Sydney team in 1973, 1974 and 1975 (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). In the development of a standard set of rules for the sport, there has been a history of negotiated arrangements. For example, South Sydney wanted to have interstate matches played ten-a-side but Brisbane would not allow this, and the matches were played eight-a-side on a standard-sized rugby league field, measuring one hundred and twelve to one hundred and twenty-two metres by sixty-eight metres (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). One of the games in the series was played as a curtain raiser to an interstate rugby league clash (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Tou ch Football Victoria 2009). Touch football was played as a curtain raiser to the Sydney rugby league grand final in 1976 (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Victoria 2009). In December 1980, the inaugural National Championships were organised on the Gold Coast. This was essentially a contest between New South Wales and Queensland (Touch Football South Australia n.d.). Only three divisions were contested in that year, the open mens and womens, and over thirty-five mens, and included about 700-1,000 officials and players (Touch Football South Australia n.d.; Touch Football Western Australia 2007). By 1995, the National Championships provided for eleven divisions, together with 1,500 officials and players (Touch Football Victoria 2009). Development of the game meant that by 2005 the National Touch League [formerly the National Championships] catered for open, under twenties and senior divisions (Touch Football Western Australia 2007). 1.4.2.4 The rise of Internationalism  [17]   The success of the interstate clashes sparked interest in International competitions. In 1985, the Federation of International Touch was formed in Melbourne with Papua New Guinea, Canada, the USA, Fiji, New Zealand and Australia constituting the first members (Touch Football Victoria 2009). The first recognised International game was a test series played between Australia and New Zealand at the South Melbourne Cricket Ground on 23 March 1985 (Touch Football Victoria 2009). The game has continued to expand overseas with the last World Cup in Edinburgh, Scotland attracting teams from twenty-six countries, including Spain, South Africa, Japan, USA, Scotland, Singapore and the Cook Islands among others (Federation of International Touch 2011a; 2011b). Touch football was a National phenomenon based on participant skill and teamwork, with a degree of fitness thrown in at the elite level (Coffey 2010). The non-contact format that allows participation by all ages and both genders, even in mixed form has helped the sport to gain popularity. 1.5 Referee demand in touch football As mentioned earlier, the development of touch football and an associated playing code for the game has clearly established the role of officials as arbiters of the game. While there is clarity over the need for officials in the touch football competition and a playing code is well established, there is a level of ambiguity in the sporting practice which allows for negotiated changes to the playing environment and to particular interpretations of the rules of play. As is common in most sports, the performance of referees is a discussion point that can cause some levels of concern. Officiating in sports can be a difficult task, particularly in a fast-moving sport in which there is a level of interpretation and limited technological assistance at the local level to aid referees. At a sports administration level, the demand for referees at local sporting fixtures has frequently been mentioned over the past ten years (Touch Football Australian Capital Territory 2009; Touch Football Austr alia 2010b; Touch Football Victoria 2011). The unmet demand has led to the establishment of numerous broad recruitment and retention strategies. The success of these strategies varies within different levels of the sport. This thesis contends that touch football represents more than simply a new game and is in fact, an opportunity to better understand the gendered nature of sporting activities. The thesis sets about this issue through a case study of a locally-based senior mixed touch football competition. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the gendered nature of refereeing roles through personal interviews with participants, together with female referees in the competition. This gendered understanding will arguably facilitate better recruitment and retention strategies for female referees in touch football. 1.6 Structure of the thesis This thesis will explore perceptions and constructions of gender within the roles of touch football referees and suggest ideas for recruitment and retention. Chapter Two examines relevant theoretical concerns proceeding from the work of Norbert Elias and the post-structuralist works of Bruno Latour. It then reviews the literature regarding gender in sport. Chapter Three discusses the research approach that was utilised. It then describes the methods that have been chosen to explore the gendered nature of refereeing roles in touch football and the data analysis methods. It concludes by discussing ethical considerations in the research process and the limitations of the research. Chapter Four describes the findings from the research. The desktop research results are presented first. These results are presented in a quantitative format that empirically describes the gender breakdown of the sport. Second, the qualitative data that was obtained from the in-depth interviews with the eleven members of the touch organisation is presented. This data was compiled after the initial quantitative research was completed in the research process. Participant observation results are presented third. Chapter Five discusses the findings that resulted from the research. The significance of the findings is then discussed. Chapter Six, the conclusion, suggests directions for future research. CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In Chapter One the preliminary argument is proposed that touch football is a unique sporting practice entailing a continuum of social practices and values that are in many ways gendered. This chapter will broaden this discussion through an exploration of the sociological literature

An experiment to find out how changing the concentration of acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

An experiment to find out how changing the concentration of acid affects the rate of reaction Planning Aim: I am to find out how changing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid (HCL) affects the rate of reaction. The hydrochloric acid will be reacting with marble chips (small, medium, large). During my experiment I will be changing one variable. This will be the concentration of the acid. I will use the concentration of HCL from 0.5 molar/dm3 to 3.0 molar/dm3. I will use 3grams of marble chips for every size of chip. By doing this I will find out if the rate of reaction is quicker or slower using a different concentration of acid. The equation I will be using is: CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H20 (l) + CO2 (g) Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Water Carbon Carbonate Acid Chloride Dioxide Method Firstly I must get the correct equipment and assemble it safely and correctly. To do this I will fill a water tray half full with water. Then I will collect 3g medium chips. I will measure 30cm3 of hydrochloric acid. I will connect the delivery tube to the measuring cylinder which is turned over which will be full with water. This is shown on my diagram. I will begin timing using a stopwatch and record the results every 10 seconds for 1 minute. I will use 0.5molar/dm3 to 3.0molar/dm3 of hydrochloric acid and record 3 sets of results and then I will take an average. Fair Test In order to make my experiment safe I will change only one thing. I will be changing the concentration of the acid. Everything else will remain the same through out the experiment. I will use the same equipment and do the experiment during the same lesson where I can. This can be important because room temperature can increase the rate of reaction. The temperature could be higher on a certain day and affect my results. Background Information Rates of Reaction * Increasing the temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction. * Some chemical reactions are fast and others are slow. A fast reaction could be a rocket exploding, and a slow reaction is metal rusting. * Rates of reaction can be measured by finding out how quickly a product is formed or how quickly a reactant is used up. * Examples of measuring reaction rates include measurement of the volume of gas formed, and measurement of the loss in mass when a gas is given off. How does surface area affect a chemical reaction? If one of the reactants is a solid, the surface area of the solid will

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (A.C.L) Tear :: essays research papers

Ligaments are tough, non-stretchable fibers that hold bones together. Damage to cruciate ligaments, which crisscross the knee to give it stability, is one of the most common sports injuries. The â€Å"tear† occurs from changing direction rapidly, slowing down from running, or landing from a jump improperly. The A.C.L tear is one injury that worries athletes in all sports at all levels because of its devastating effects. People ages 15-25 that participate in basketball and other sports that require pivoting are especially at risk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The anterior cruicate ligament is a strong band that arises from the posterior middle part of the lateral condyle of the femur, it passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyle, and is attached to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia (Mosby‘s page. 105).† The tear of the A.C.L is described as a partial or complete rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. The A.C.L. does not repair by itself. It is so important to an athlete in most sports because an athlete has to be able to rotate the knee in specific directions. The tear happens more frequently in soccer, basketball, and volleyball. Athletes who started participating in a sport while they were young have a greater chance of sustaining a tear. Women are more susceptible to this injury than men. Theories for this include hormonal, environmental, and biomechanical factors. â€Å"Women‘s muscles react differently in landing. Doctors say that women land with straighter legs than men do; thus, they pass their shock to the A.C.L. resulting in a tear. Environmental factors are shoes and playing surfaces.† (Patrick, Dick)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Causes and Symptoms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common way to tear the A.C.L is by violently twisting the knee. This can happen with or without contact. Most people say they hear â€Å"a popâ€Å". It can occur when you‘re slowing down from running, planting and suddenly changing direction, or hyperextending the knee. â€Å"When this happens immediate pain results, the knee will fully swell, tenderness occurs around the knee, and the range of motion will be greatly affected.† ( Micheli, Dr. Lyle J. ) The first thing to do if an injury occurs is to use R.I.C.E., which stands for rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Diagnosis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the injury has occurred, the injured should see the family doctor or possibly a specialist to see if something is torn. The doctor will do some range of motion testing. Theses test are the Lachman, Dynamic extension and the pivot jerk.

Causes And Impacts Of Global Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

This paper investigates the causes and effects of planetary clime alteration. The issue of clime alteration has become good known in most societies. Still, a fragment of the universe ‘s population still refuses to believe in the rise of the temperature of the Earth ‘s surface or that worlds are the cause of it. Scientists all around the universe have come to hold that clime alteration is in fact go oning and will go on to worsen if stairss are non taken in the close hereafter. In this piece, the chief causes for clime alteration and the impacts of clime alteration on the Earth are brought up. Many surveies have been conducted on this country, but this paper attempts to convey farther information on the issue of climate alteration.IntroductionIn this twenty-four hours and age, clime alteration has become a great issue that scientists all around the universe have come to accept due to countless scientific grounds on the effects of clime alteration. Climate alteration is bas ically the addition of the average temperature of the surface of the Earth. Scientists are get downing to take this issue earnestly as the Earth ‘s temperature has risen significantly in recent old ages on history of clime alteration. If action is non taken fleetly and efficaciously, it will shortly be excessively late for us to salvage the Earth from a clime calamity. Though a portion of the planetary population are still non cognizant of this issue or are in denial and garbage to believe it is go oning, the of all time turning impacts of clime alteration are forces to be reckoned with. Climate alteration has been traveling on for a long clip now. Still, most of the society every bit good as many authoritiess have taken no steps whatsoever to control this planetary job. This may be because people and authoritiess are non yet alarm to the effects of clime alteration. The fact that people are unmindful to this issue must be changed. Scientists play a major function here as the work done by scientists can turn out clime alteration and furthermore provide grounds to back up clime alteration. Governments that consult scientists before doing determinations that affect the environment, and follow the suggestions and recommendations by scientists that benefit the environment can assist enormously to control clime alteration. In order to happen out the attacks and means to cut down planetary clime alteration, authoritiess and the society must foremost accept the fact that clime alteration is happening and cognize that the state of affairs will non merely non better, but deteriorate without every one of our aid. After accepting the state of affairs, the following measure would be to be cognizant of the causes of clime alteration so we can halt them. To make this, scientists have conducted many researches on different facets of clime alteration.Causes of Climate ChangeSome people believe that scientists are still divided on the affair of clime alteration. A little portion of society still holds on to the belief that clime alteration is non to the full proven or agreed upon by scientists. However, the declining province of the Earth is going proof plenty that something worlds are making is doing the Earth ‘s temperature to lift. Scientists have discovered that clime alteration is due to many grounds. O f them all, emanation of nursery gases emerged as a great subscriber to planetary clime alteration. Greenhouse gases are a type of gases that are released and absorbed in the ambiance. These gases when released in extra become highly harmful towards the Earth and contribute significantly to the lifting temperatures and in short, climate alteration. Harmful nursery gases include C dioxide, azotic oxide, methane, CFC and many more. These gases are emitted both from natural beginnings and human activity. Carbon dioxide is released in many human activities. The most important release of C dioxide is from the really organic structure of worlds because people release C dioxide into the ambiance through external respiration. Nonetheless, in the C rhythm, C dioxide which is released from worlds is retrieved by workss to carry on photosynthesis. Then, workss excrete O to be used in human respiration. Through this rhythm, the sum of C dioxide in the ambiance is kept at a safe degree. Sadly, deforestation has caused a immense figure of trees to be removed from our land. Large subdivisions of the surface of the Earth that used to be covered by trees have now become spots of bald land for building of edifices and roads. This means that the C dioxide released by worlds are now rolling free in the ambiance as it has no other to put to travel to. In add-on to deforestation doing the addition of C dioxide in the ambiance, many other factors contribute in the emanation of this destructive gas. Of these are the combustion of fossil fuels, emanation from production mills, and many other industries. Fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal are burned to bring forth electricity, which powers places, commercial edifices and mills likewise. This makes it difficult for authoritiess to command the burning of fossil fuels due to the sheer importance of the operation of these substructures. Besides C dioxide, another unsafe gas is methane. Methane is an abundant organic compound because it chiefly comes from farm animal such as cowss and sheep. Methane is released into the ambiance from the elimination of cowss, sheep and certain other farm animal. This nursery gas is in some ways more harmful than C dioxide because it traps heat and prevents heat from get awaying out of the Earth ‘s ambiance ( Hunter, 2008 ) . Furthermore, it is hard to cut down the emanation of methane from farm animal when it is obvious that we can non halt cowss and sheep from elimination. Chlorofluorocarbon is besides a nursery gas that is doing climate alteration. Chlorofluorocarbon is emitted by many semisynthetic contraptions. Out of the many are from air-conditioners and iceboxs. Fortunately, this can be changed if people would cut down the emanation of CFC merely by non turning on air-conditioners during yearss that are non excessively warm and non maintaining iceboxs open for excessively long so as to forestall extra CFC from get awaying from the icebox.Impacts of Climate ChangeClimate alteration has impacted the Earth and Mother Nature in uncountable and even irreversible ways. Based on a research by Maracchi and Baldi ( 2006 ) , the writers concluded that clime alteration has resulted in higher upper limit planetary temperatures, higher minimal temperatures, increased drouth hazard and increased tropical storm strength. This overall means that the yearss are acquiring hotter in some countries, and colder in others. Climate alteration has caused hurricanes and other natural catastrophes to decline over the past few old ages. In some topographic points, the conditions has besides been affected and showed alterations that had ne'er been exhibited before. From another angle, clime alteration has affected and will impact the wellness of the human population. In some countries of the universe, harvest output has become scarce due to the germinating clime and human nutrition may endure from this. Research by Lloyd, Kovats, and Chalabi ( 2011 ) showed that even after taking into history the fast turning economic system of the universe, clime alteration is still likely to weaken future attempts to cut down child malnutrition. In the context of human version and extenuation of the effects of clime alteration, research workers have conducted surveies to research whether or non people would pattern voluntary extenuation and how they would accommodate to climate alteration. Semenza, Ploubidis and George ( 2011 ) stated that â€Å" motive for voluntary extenuation is largely dependent on sensed susceptibleness to menaces and badness of clime alteration or clime variableness impacts, whereas version is mostly dependent on the handiness of information relevant to climate alteration † . In a separate survey, research workers investigated the wellness impacts of clime alteration in population motions, and examined the wellness deductions of three types of motions likely to be induced by clime alteration. These are physical supplanting by clime impacts, relocation strategies, and migration as an adaptative response ( McMichael, Barnett, & A ; McMichael, 2012 ) . The research workers found that if climate alteration continues on its current class, so it is likely that there will be an addition in the Numberss of people migrating over the coming old ages and wellness hazards will outweigh wellness benefits. On a more scientific note, clime alteration has had its effects on mass motion in mountain environments. By mass motion, Stoffel and Huggel ( 2012 ) referred to motion on mountain countries such as shallow landslides, dust flows, stone incline failures, and ice avalanches. In this survey, the writers found that â€Å" the effects of altering mean and utmost temperature and precipitation are likely to be widespread and to act upon both the happening and the magnitude of future mass motions in mountain parts around the Earth † .DiscussionIn my sentiment, the issue of climate alteration can no longer be solved. If the hole in our Earth ‘s ozone bed is any index, the harm that has been inflicted on this planet is largely irreversible. Nevertheless, authoritiess and people of the society can still take stairss to try to decelerate down the effects of clime alteration. For one thing, authoritiess can get down by happening ways to cut down the emanation of harmful nursery gases . Governments can besides work to increase consciousness of clime alteration and promote the society to take part in attempts to control the effects of clime alteration. Besides that, authoritiess all around the universe should work together to be able to to the full get the better of this job. More scientists should be hired in order to come up with more effectual ways to cover with clime alteration in the hereafter.DecisionClimate alteration is so traveling to go on to impact our Earth negatively and will convey much enduring to the hereafter coevalss if no action is taken shortly. Climate alteration is non an issue that will merely melt off without the attempt of the whole human population. To salvage our planet, it is clip we all came Forth to play a function in its saving. Though we think we are merely one, it is all the 1s that make many and do an impact on the universe.